In a real transformer, energy losses occur mainly due to core and copper losses. Core losses, also called iron losses, are caused by hysteresis and eddy currents in the transformer core material. Hysteresis loss results from the continuous magnetization and demagnetization of the core material, while eddy current loss is due to circulating currents induced in the core by the alternating magnetic field.
Copper losses, or winding losses, occur due to the resistance of the windings as electric current passes through them, resulting in heat dissipation.
A transformer converts electrical energy from one voltage level to another through the process of electromagnetic induction. It takes the input electrical energy at one voltage level (primary side) and converts it into electrical energy at a different voltage level (secondary side), depending on the turns ratio of the primary and secondary windings.
This process does not create or destroy energy but rather changes its shape and voltage level while transferring it between circuits.
The efficiency of a transformer is a measure of how well it converts input electrical power to output electrical power, expressed as a percentage. It is calculated by comparing the output power to the input power and taking losses into account.
Most transformers operate at high efficiency, often above 95%, but the exact value can vary depending on design, load conditions and operating environment.
A true transformer refers to a transformer that represents practical inefficiencies and losses in its operation. Unlike an ideal transformer, which assumes no losses or imperfections, an actual transformer includes factors such as core losses, copper losses, and other practical considerations that affect its performance.
These transformers are designed with materials and construction methods to minimize losses but cannot achieve perfect efficiency.
The efficiency of a real transformer is not 100% due to unavoidable energy losses. Core losses are inherent to the magnetic materials used and are present even when the transformer is operating at no load. Copper losses result from the resistance of the winding conductors and increase with load. Additionally, other factors such as parasitic losses, mechanical losses and heating also contribute to non-ideal efficiency.
These losses are inherent to the physical and material properties of the transformer and its components.